EXERCISE (2) :
Complete the sentences using the appropriate adjective from the table above .
1.How many instruments can you play?
2.Some subjects at American universities are .Others are compulsory.
3.I have been to Britain.One of the aspects of British is that they don't shake hands all the time as in Morocco.
4.your school results are not .You should work harder.
5.Some peole like TVM programmes.Personally;I am of them.
6.Some movies are because they use a lot of special effects.
7.Freedom of expression is basic in a country.
EXERCISE (3) :
Match the words on the left with those on the right to form collocations.
1.death a.monument
2.water b.status
3.civilian c.penalty
4.primitive d.group
5.human e.code
6.ethnic f.mines
7.family g.population
8.marital h.supply
9.historic i.society
10.land j.rights
EXERCISE (4) :
USE THE LIST BELOW AND COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORD FOR EACH CATEGORY:
feminist-recycle -battle-toxic-quota-revenue-trade-bear children- waste-radiocative-prison camp-midwives-poisonous-purchase-goods-imports-dumps-the right-deficit
1.WAR
2.ENVIRONMENT
3.BUSINESS
4.WOMEN
EXERCISE (5) :
Write the words in the correct form:
1.This kind of information won't help us.It's absolutely (use
2.The more energy you use at home,the (high) the electricity bill will be.
3.Going to the dentist is always a (pain) experience
4.Never judge a person from (appear) .you might be wrong.
5.It's (care) of you to drive so fast in such a busy street!
6.You can find an Arabic (translate) of this bok in the library.
7.After long negotiations,the two parties reached an (agree)
8.peole can't stop making(complain) about the new nuclear plant set up in the region.
EXERCISE (6) :
Complete the sentences with a noun form corresponding to the verb given in brackets:
1.Her in the Bac exam surprised me. (fail)
2.His to do the work angered his wife. (refuse)
3.The was widely reported in the national media. (rob)
4.I advise you not to do it without any . (prepare)
5.The secretary decided to send in her yesterday. (resign)
6.Nobody likes to work under . (press)
7.He considered the manager's unfair. (decide)
8.Do you know what caused his ? (dismiss)
9. Their for power lasted a long time. (struggle)
10.When is your with the dentist? (appoint)
11.It was not my to hurt your feelings.I'm very sorry. (intend)
12.Don't listen to him. He is a . (lie)
EXERCISE (7) :
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT:Fill in the blanks using the words given in the list :
team-brain-suggests-believe-raises-bad-social-experiments
""Researchers say jogging alone is unhealthy""
A new reportthat jogging could be for your health, especially if you do it alone. A of researchers from Harvard University has said that going for a run on your own is not as healthy as people . Their research showed that jogging as part of a group is healthier. The they did on rats showed that running alone stress levels and slows down brain cell . Professor Elizabeth Gould, the research leader, said: “These results suggest that, [with no] interaction, a normally [positive] experience can [have a negative] influence on the .”
***VOCABULARY***C0NFUSING WORDS******
EXERCISE (8) :
For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer.
1. Nobody died in the accident, but 20 people were ________.
a. damaged
b. injured
c. spoiled
d. broken
2. “Look at this advertisement Laila, it _______ there’s 50% off everything at MARJANE – shall we go?”
a. says
b. notices
c. advises
d. writes
3. I’ve been studying English for 2 years now, and I still can’t _______ it very well.
a. talk
b. say
c. tell
d. speak
4. My father's __________ is not what it used to be, he’s always forgetting where he’s put things.
a. remember
b. memoirs
c. memory
d. souvenirs
5. She __________ her children, she gives them whatever they want.
a. damages
b. ruins
c. spoils
d. hurts
6. The government is encouraging everyone to __________ water by not washing their cars.
a. waste
b. save
c. spend
d. use
EXERCISE (9) :
COMPOUND NOUNS.
1: Three of the words below go together with 'HEAD' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.ache
.line
.master
.man
2: Three of the words below go together with 'NEWS' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.reader
.magazine
.paper
.flash
3: Three of the words below go together with 'BIRTH' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.day
.mark
.control
.baby
4: Three of the words below go together with 'AIR' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.conditioning
.mail
.port
.pilot
5: Three of the words below go together with 'BOOK' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.shop
.worm
.maker
.library
6: Three of the words below go together with 'POLICE' to make a new word. Which word does not make a new word?
.person
.woman
.dog
.force
EXERCISE (10) :
SCIENCE VOCABULARY.
MATCH THE WORDS BELOW WITH THEIR DEFINITIONS.
WORDS:
1.emissions.
2. a side effect
3. to recharge your batteries
4. global warming
5. hi-tech
*************************************************************************************************
DEFINITIONS:
A. Something which uses very advanced technology and systems
B. Ann increase in temperature of Earth and its atmosphere that many scientists say is caused by pollution
C. Informal - to rest or relax in order to get back your energy
D. When gas, light, heat etc. are sent out or released (e.g. Cars create emissions which are dangerous for the environment.
E. An extra, usually bad, occurrence caused by taking a drug. It is also used in non-medical English in a more neutral way.
EXERCISE (11) :
Match the adjectives with their definitions.
bitter careless creative familiar generous important obedient sad selfish visible
1.= able to make new things
2.= well known or easily recognised
3.= unhappy
4.= not careful, lacking consideration
5.= of great significance or value
6.= slightly unpleasant taste, not sweet
7.= thinking of oneself only
8.= complying with the commands or instructions of those in authority
9.= perceptible especially by the eye; or open to easy view
10.= willing to give and share POWERED BY PICZO
samedi 5 septembre 2009
Grammar :***SIMPLE PAST VS PRESENT PERFECT***
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(1):
CHOOSE THE RIGHT TENSE:
1.I ____ English two years ago.
a)studied
b) have studied
2) My friend____ English for a long time.
a)studied
b) has studied
3) My father ____ in Algeria during the war.
a)lived
b) has lived
4) Kamal ____ in France all his life. He's happy living in Paris.
a)lived
b) has lived
5) ____ you ___ your homework yet? It's getting late.
a)Did...finish
b) Have...finished
6) ____ you ever ___ in a limosine? When my sister got married, we rode in one.
a) Did...work
b)Have...ridden
7) Badra and Laila ___ each other since they were children.
a)knew
b) have known
8) Badra ____ Laila at school. They were in the same class.
a)met
b)has met
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(2):
WRITE THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT TENSE;(SIMPLE PAST or PRESENT PERFECT):
1.When I was young I (write) poems.
2.When (you see) this film?
3.We (not have) any problem when we were on holiday last summer.
4.my sister (learn) English for five years.She still takes English lesson
5.They (already sell) their nice house.
6.She (not show) us her new skirt yet.
7.My mother (send) me a postcard last week.
8. It (not rain) for a long time.
9. I can't give you her address. I (forget) it.
10. I (not read) today's newspaper yet.
11. I (never think) about being an actor.
12. She (never swim) in the river.
13. he (never be) Agadir .
14. I (meet) her English friend yesterday.
15. I (know) Tom when he was just five years old.
16. I (have) a lot of work recently.
17. They (buy) my car a week ago.
18. THey (live) here for ten years. They are living in the country now
19.she read that story severa times
20.He (do) his homework on Saturday
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(3):
CHOOSE THE CORRECT TENSE FROM THE ONES SUGGESTED:
1:
A: ____________ to LONDON?
B: Once, when I was a little girl, we went to London and saw the famous BIG BEN and Windsor Castle
a)Did you ever go
b)Were you ever
c)Had you ever been
d)Have you ever been
2:
A: ____________ any foreign languages? B: Yes, I do, I’ve been studying Arabic at night school.
a)Do you speak
b)Are you speaking
c)Have you spoken
d)Did you speak
3:
A: What ____________ at the weekend?
B: Nothing much, I went shopping on Saturday and spent Sunday with my family
a)did you do
b)were you doing
c)you did
d)have you done
4:
I didn’t see him, when I arrived at the party, he ____________ home.
a)was leaving and going
b)left and went
c)had left and gone
d)leaves and goes
5:
Apparently, Sophia ____________ married in May - but she hasn’t invited me.
a)is getting
a)is getting
c)will get
d)will have got
6: :
The bus for My school ____________ at 7.30 every day.
a)has left
b)due to leave
c)to leave
d)leaves
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(4):
FUTURE TENSES:
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
1: :
A: '__________ anything tonight?'
a)Are you doing
b)Will you do
c) do you do
d)Would you like to do
2:
B: 'Sorry, __________ my hair'.
a)I'm washing
b)I will wash
c)I wash
d)I washed
3:
'Do you want to come and see a film? We ________ outside school at 7'.
a)meet
b)will meet
c)'re meeting
d) met
4:
'I might meet you at the cinema, what time _____________?.
a)is the film starting
b)will the film start
c)does the film start
d)did the film start
5:
'If you're not there, I _________ you a bell on your mobile'.
a) 'm going to give
b)give
c)gave
d)'ll give
6:
'What ________ we have for dinner?'.
a)will
b)do
c)shall
d)are
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(5):
MIXED TENSES:Choose the correct tense
1.I'll see you in August when I _____ back.
a) will come b) came c) will have come d) come
2. Alex didn't come to see the film last night because he _____ it before.
a)saw b. had seen c) has seen d) was seen
3. July 10th is my wedding anniversary. Next month, my husband and I will _____ for twenty years.
a) marry b) have married c) be married d) have been married.
4. Something extremely strange _____ yesterday while we were out jogging.
a) was happened b) happened c) has been happening d) has happened.
5. Ouch! I _____ my finger!
a) have cut b) cut c) had cut d) had been cut.
6. I was very sick, but I've been feeling better since I _____ the doctor.
a) have visited b) visit c) had visited d) visited.
7. I haven't heard from my son _____.
a. for several weeks b) for several weeks ago c) since several weeks before d) .
since a long time.
8. The guests _______ by the time you finish the cleaning.
a. will have arrived b. arrived c. arrive d. have arrived.
9. By May, I _________ enough money to go on holiday.
a. will be earning b. will be earned c. will have earned d. will have been earned.
10. When the police arrived at the accident place, everyone _______They couldn't find anyone.
a. will have left b. has left c. had left d. was leaving.
11. " I _______________ there for two years by the end of this?"
a. will work b. will have worked c. will be working d. have been working
12. Just as we ........... down to lunch, John ................ the bell.
a.are sitting/ rang b.will sit/rang c.were sitting/rang d.were sitting/has been ringing
CHOOSE THE RIGHT TENSE:
1.I ____ English two years ago.
a)studied
b) have studied
2) My friend____ English for a long time.
a)studied
b) has studied
3) My father ____ in Algeria during the war.
a)lived
b) has lived
4) Kamal ____ in France all his life. He's happy living in Paris.
a)lived
b) has lived
5) ____ you ___ your homework yet? It's getting late.
a)Did...finish
b) Have...finished
6) ____ you ever ___ in a limosine? When my sister got married, we rode in one.
a) Did...work
b)Have...ridden
7) Badra and Laila ___ each other since they were children.
a)knew
b) have known
8) Badra ____ Laila at school. They were in the same class.
a)met
b)has met
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(2):
WRITE THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT TENSE;(SIMPLE PAST or PRESENT PERFECT):
1.When I was young I (write) poems.
2.When (you see) this film?
3.We (not have) any problem when we were on holiday last summer.
4.my sister (learn) English for five years.She still takes English lesson
5.They (already sell) their nice house.
6.She (not show) us her new skirt yet.
7.My mother (send) me a postcard last week.
8. It (not rain) for a long time.
9. I can't give you her address. I (forget) it.
10. I (not read) today's newspaper yet.
11. I (never think) about being an actor.
12. She (never swim) in the river.
13. he (never be) Agadir .
14. I (meet) her English friend yesterday.
15. I (know) Tom when he was just five years old.
16. I (have) a lot of work recently.
17. They (buy) my car a week ago.
18. THey (live) here for ten years. They are living in the country now
19.she read that story severa times
20.He (do) his homework on Saturday
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(3):
CHOOSE THE CORRECT TENSE FROM THE ONES SUGGESTED:
1:
A: ____________ to LONDON?
B: Once, when I was a little girl, we went to London and saw the famous BIG BEN and Windsor Castle
a)Did you ever go
b)Were you ever
c)Had you ever been
d)Have you ever been
2:
A: ____________ any foreign languages? B: Yes, I do, I’ve been studying Arabic at night school.
a)Do you speak
b)Are you speaking
c)Have you spoken
d)Did you speak
3:
A: What ____________ at the weekend?
B: Nothing much, I went shopping on Saturday and spent Sunday with my family
a)did you do
b)were you doing
c)you did
d)have you done
4:
I didn’t see him, when I arrived at the party, he ____________ home.
a)was leaving and going
b)left and went
c)had left and gone
d)leaves and goes
5:
Apparently, Sophia ____________ married in May - but she hasn’t invited me.
a)is getting
a)is getting
c)will get
d)will have got
6: :
The bus for My school ____________ at 7.30 every day.
a)has left
b)due to leave
c)to leave
d)leaves
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(4):
FUTURE TENSES:
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
1: :
A: '__________ anything tonight?'
a)Are you doing
b)Will you do
c) do you do
d)Would you like to do
2:
B: 'Sorry, __________ my hair'.
a)I'm washing
b)I will wash
c)I wash
d)I washed
3:
'Do you want to come and see a film? We ________ outside school at 7'.
a)meet
b)will meet
c)'re meeting
d) met
4:
'I might meet you at the cinema, what time _____________?.
a)is the film starting
b)will the film start
c)does the film start
d)did the film start
5:
'If you're not there, I _________ you a bell on your mobile'.
a) 'm going to give
b)give
c)gave
d)'ll give
6:
'What ________ we have for dinner?'.
a)will
b)do
c)shall
d)are
VERB TENSES : EXERCISE(5):
MIXED TENSES:Choose the correct tense
1.I'll see you in August when I _____ back.
a) will come b) came c) will have come d) come
2. Alex didn't come to see the film last night because he _____ it before.
a)saw b. had seen c) has seen d) was seen
3. July 10th is my wedding anniversary. Next month, my husband and I will _____ for twenty years.
a) marry b) have married c) be married d) have been married.
4. Something extremely strange _____ yesterday while we were out jogging.
a) was happened b) happened c) has been happening d) has happened.
5. Ouch! I _____ my finger!
a) have cut b) cut c) had cut d) had been cut.
6. I was very sick, but I've been feeling better since I _____ the doctor.
a) have visited b) visit c) had visited d) visited.
7. I haven't heard from my son _____.
a. for several weeks b) for several weeks ago c) since several weeks before d) .
since a long time.
8. The guests _______ by the time you finish the cleaning.
a. will have arrived b. arrived c. arrive d. have arrived.
9. By May, I _________ enough money to go on holiday.
a. will be earning b. will be earned c. will have earned d. will have been earned.
10. When the police arrived at the accident place, everyone _______They couldn't find anyone.
a. will have left b. has left c. had left d. was leaving.
11. " I _______________ there for two years by the end of this?"
a. will work b. will have worked c. will be working d. have been working
12. Just as we ........... down to lunch, John ................ the bell.
a.are sitting/ rang b.will sit/rang c.were sitting/rang d.were sitting/has been ringing
COMPREHENSION :***TEXT(2) MALARIA HITS AFRICA
The United Nations has reported that great progress is being made in the fight against malaria in Africa. The UNICEF website says the area that is making the most dramatic improvement is sub-Saharan Africa. This is the region hardest hit by the disease. One of the biggest reasons for these gains against the killer infection is the increased use of special insect nets. This simple solution can reduce child deaths by as much as 20 percent. The report says the number of children using the insecticide-treated nets has tripled since 2000. UNICEF’s Executive Director Ann Veneman said: “Controlling malaria is vital to improving child health and economic development in affected countries…Studies show that malaria [unfairly] affects the poorest people in these countries, and…contributes to their [poorer living conditions].”
UNICEF prepared the report together with the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. This organisation is a collaboration of aid agencies launched in 1998 to help fight malaria. ITS vision is that by 2015, malaria “is no longer a major cause of mortality and no longer a barrier to social and economic development”. The report also provides a healthy picture of the use of drugs in reducing the number of malaria cases. Since 2003, national health programmes have invested heavily in buying anti-malarial drugs called ACTs. UNICEF’s health chief Pater Salama is optimistic and says the future looks bright. He reports: “With the strong backing of some of the international donors and the price of ACTs starting to be reduced, I think governments are becoming more confident now that this will be a sustainable strategy for anti-malaria treatment.”
I.COMPREHENSION:
A. True or False? Justify
1. key weapon in the fight against malaria is the mosquito net.
2. Malaria hits the poorest people and worsens their living standards
3. UNICEF report says anti-malarial drugs are proving ineffective.
B.Answer the questions:
1.Has the use of mosquito nets proved effective ?Explain
2.What measures are taken by UNICEF and other organistions to reduce the malaria disease?
3.Why does Mr.Pater Salama,UNICEF health chief,show optimism about the future?
B. What do the underlined words in the text refer to?
1.THIS SOLUTION
2.ITS
C.FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS MEANING THE SAME AS:
1.essential P.1 : :
2.master plan P.2 :
3.combat P.2.: POWERED BY PICZO
UNICEF prepared the report together with the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. This organisation is a collaboration of aid agencies launched in 1998 to help fight malaria. ITS vision is that by 2015, malaria “is no longer a major cause of mortality and no longer a barrier to social and economic development”. The report also provides a healthy picture of the use of drugs in reducing the number of malaria cases. Since 2003, national health programmes have invested heavily in buying anti-malarial drugs called ACTs. UNICEF’s health chief Pater Salama is optimistic and says the future looks bright. He reports: “With the strong backing of some of the international donors and the price of ACTs starting to be reduced, I think governments are becoming more confident now that this will be a sustainable strategy for anti-malaria treatment.”
I.COMPREHENSION:
A. True or False? Justify
1. key weapon in the fight against malaria is the mosquito net.
2. Malaria hits the poorest people and worsens their living standards
3. UNICEF report says anti-malarial drugs are proving ineffective.
B.Answer the questions:
1.Has the use of mosquito nets proved effective ?Explain
2.What measures are taken by UNICEF and other organistions to reduce the malaria disease?
3.Why does Mr.Pater Salama,UNICEF health chief,show optimism about the future?
B. What do the underlined words in the text refer to?
1.THIS SOLUTION
2.ITS
C.FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS MEANING THE SAME AS:
1.essential P.1 : :
2.master plan P.2 :
3.combat P.2.: POWERED BY PICZO
COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION :***TEXT(1) ***EATING HABITS***
Many popular nutritional habits are giving way to new healthier eating ones, which aimed at cutting down on the high rate of heart disease and some kinds of cancer in Britain.
A report, produced by the British Ministry of Health says that factory-made foods as baked beans and grilled fish, for example, can be less harmful and less fattening than lamb chops or beef steak. Red meat, in fact, is no longer considered an essential part of the daily diet .Protein in the form of fish or poultry, both lower in fat and calories than meat, is preferable. High fibre foods such as peas,beans,potatoes and bread are also held to play an important part in healthy eating. And smaller meals are recommended as a vital contribution in the battle against obesity. The report recommends that we eat more fibre, fruit and vegetables, but especially less fat, sugar and salt. The rate of heart disease in Britain is currently among the highest in the western world and much of it is due to much fat intake in our diet.
But the report emphasises that being in good health goes with altering our diet. Revised eating habits should be part of an overall change in lifestyle including more exercise, less alcohol and smoking.
I.COMPREHENSION
:
A. True or False? Justify
1. Red meat used to be regarded as the main daily food.
2. Heart disease is one of the most serious health problems British suffer from.
B.Answer the questions:
1.The purpose of this health report is: (Choose the appropriate answer)
a) to persuade people to change their eating habits
b) to give us facts about different foods and drinks in Britain
c) to tell us that people in Britain rarely go to the doctor’s for a check up.
d) to advise people who suffer from heart disease to stop eating.
2. Why are fish and poultry healthier than red meat?
3.What does the coloured word in the text refer to :
a) it
C.Find in the text words meaning the same as:
1.Overweight
2.Changing POWERED BY PICZO
Many popular nutritional habits are giving way to new healthier eating ones, which aimed at cutting down on the high rate of heart disease and some kinds of cancer in Britain.
A report, produced by the British Ministry of Health says that factory-made foods as baked beans and grilled fish, for example, can be less harmful and less fattening than lamb chops or beef steak. Red meat, in fact, is no longer considered an essential part of the daily diet .Protein in the form of fish or poultry, both lower in fat and calories than meat, is preferable. High fibre foods such as peas,beans,potatoes and bread are also held to play an important part in healthy eating. And smaller meals are recommended as a vital contribution in the battle against obesity. The report recommends that we eat more fibre, fruit and vegetables, but especially less fat, sugar and salt. The rate of heart disease in Britain is currently among the highest in the western world and much of it is due to much fat intake in our diet.
But the report emphasises that being in good health goes with altering our diet. Revised eating habits should be part of an overall change in lifestyle including more exercise, less alcohol and smoking.
I.COMPREHENSION
:
A. True or False? Justify
1. Red meat used to be regarded as the main daily food.
2. Heart disease is one of the most serious health problems British suffer from.
B.Answer the questions:
1.The purpose of this health report is: (Choose the appropriate answer)
a) to persuade people to change their eating habits
b) to give us facts about different foods and drinks in Britain
c) to tell us that people in Britain rarely go to the doctor’s for a check up.
d) to advise people who suffer from heart disease to stop eating.
2. Why are fish and poultry healthier than red meat?
3.What does the coloured word in the text refer to :
a) it
C.Find in the text words meaning the same as:
1.Overweight
2.Changing POWERED BY PICZO
GRAMMATICAL SUMMARIES
***GRAMMATICAL SUMMARIES
In this section you will find some basic explanation of the the verb tenses in English. I have decided to include this section due to its importance in the English grammar. It is intended to serve as a reference. It is essential to note that not all the tenses are included in this page. Nevertheless, what I have considered the most useful ones(which are in your third year programme) are included. There are also some exercises that can be accessed by clicking on a title in the Index on your left. I hope this page contributes in some way to your process of learning English.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE:is used for:
a/regular actions or events :
He plays tennis most weekends.
The sun rises in the east.
c/facts known about the future ::
We leave at 8.30 next Monday
d/thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking::
I don't feel very well.
THE PRESENT CONTINOUS::The Present Continuous is used for:
a/the time of speaking ('now'):
Sshh, I'm trying to hear what they are saying .
b/things which are true at the moment but not always:
We're looking for a new flat.
c/present plans for the future:
We're having dinner with them next week .
Look at these examples :
1.I don't usually have cereals for breakfast but I'm having some this morning because there is nothing else.
2.I often cycle to work but I'm taking the car this morning because it's raining very hard.
3.I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my husband will be very happy about it.
4.My parents live in OURZAZAT but I'm just visiting it.
Note how, in all these examples, we use the present continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in time and the present simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent.
THE SIMPLE PAST:is used :
a/ to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.
b/We use it to talk about a specific point in time.
I saw her in the street yesterday.
He came back last Thursday.
We didn't agree to the deal.
c/We can also use it to talk about a period of time.
We lived in Japan for five years.
She was in London from Monday to Thursday last week.
When he was living in New York, he went to all the bars and clubs he could.
You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:
Yesterday
three weeks ago
last year
in 2002
from March to June
for a long time
for 6 weeks
in the 1980s
in the last century
in the past
THE PAST CONTINUOUS:is used for:
a/to talk about past events which took place for a period of time.
b/It is used to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we want to talk about a past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)
1.While I was driving home, Richard was trying desperately to phone me.
2.Sorry, were you sleeping?
3.I was just making some tea. Would you like some?
4.I was thinking about her last night.
5.In the 1990s, very few people were using mobile phones.
c/We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.
1.They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.
2.He was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
4.She was walking in the street when she suddenly fell over.
5.The company was growing rapidly before he became chairman.
6.We were just talking about it before you arrived.
7.I was having a cup of coffee when I remembered I was supposed to be in a meeting!
THE PRESENT PERFECT:is used :
a/when we want to look back from the present to the past.
We can use it to look back on the recent past.
1.I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
2.They have cancelled the meeting.
3.She's taken my book. I don't have one.
b/When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).
1.We've already talked about that.
2.She hasn't arrived yet.
3.I've just done it.
4.have you spoken to him yet?
5.She's done this type of project many times before.
c/When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.
1.Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
2.I've never met a famous singer.
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:is used to:
to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:
a/We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.
1.Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
2.You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
3.I've got a a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.
b/It can refer to an action that has not finished.
1.I've been learning English for 3 years and I still don't know how speak it very well.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop.
c/It can refer to a series of actions.
1.She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
2.He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
The present perfect continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.
1.I've been working for this companyt for ten years.
2.He's been working here since 2001
3.You haven't been getting good results over the last few months.
4.They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
5.I've been looking at other options recently.
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:is used to:
a.to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to a time further in the past.
1.She had already spoken to him before I had time to give him my version.
2.I checked with our customers but they still hadn't received the delivery.
3.I hadn't known the bad news when I saw him.
4.The company had started the year very well but was hit badly by the strikes.
b/It is often used when we report what people had said/thought/believed.
1.He phoned me to say that they had already paid the bill.
2.She said she thought John had moved to Italy.
3.I thought we had already decided on somewhere for our holidays.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FOR FUTURE):is used :
a/When we talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.
In these examples, we are talking about regular actions or events.
1.I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on Thursday.
2.I'm seeing a movie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with a colleague.
b/In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the 'going to' future. However, when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.
1.I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him.
2.I'm going to do it./I'm doing it.
c/We use the present simple to talk about events in the future which are 'timetabled'. We can also use the present continuous to talk about these.
1.My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.
2.The shop opens at 9.30.
3.The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.
THE FUTURE WITH (GOING TO..):
There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.
a/We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.
1.I'm going to see him later today.
2.We're going to have lunch first.
Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.
1.When I retire I'm going to go back to my home town to live.
2.In ten years time, my elder son is going to take over my own successful company.
b/We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.
1..Look out! That vase is going to fall off.
2.Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
THE FUTURE WITH (WILL)::
a/We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.
1.Next year, I'll be 50.
2.That plane will be late. It always is.
b/Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.
1.I'll probably come back later.
2.Maybe it will rain again.
3.Perhaps we'll meet again some day.
c/We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.
1.I think she'll do well in the job.
2.I hope you won't make too much noise.
/d.We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into our head. apromise or an offer:
1.Bye. I'll phone you when I get there
2.I'll answer that.
3.I won't tell him. I promise.
CONDITIONAL ZERO)::
a/WE use "zero conditional" When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use:
If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative
1.If you press this button, you get black coffee.
2.When the temperature rises,ice melts.
3.When you go to the beach, take some sun cream.
CONDITIONAL 1ST::
a/We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.
1.If we take the children, they'll be really pleased.
2.If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
3.unless he feels better,he won't go with us
CONDITIONAL 2ND::
a/We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' situations.
1.If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
(Notice that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.)
2.If she were really happy in her job, she'd be working much harder.
(Notice the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.)
1.If I were you, I'd change my job.
b/We can also use the Second Conditional to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
1.If I won the lottery, I'd buy my parents a big house.
2.If I went to the moon, I'd bring back some moon rock.
Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. For example, consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist.
NAJIB – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.(optimist)
KAMAL – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.(pessimist)
CONDITIONAL 3ND::
a/Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
1.If Jack had thoughttwice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
(did he think? no)
(did he make a mistake ? Yes)
2.They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time.
(was the train on time?no)
Were they home by ten ?No)
WISH+SIMPLE PAST::
a/the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.
(Notice that the verb tense which follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past' than the tense corresponding to its meaning)
1.I wish I was rich.
2.He wishes he lived in Paris.
3.I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
4.It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.
WISH+PAST PERFECT::
b/showing regrets about past situations:
1.I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
2.I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much
c/we use 'would'after wish" when we anticipate some change
1.He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
2.You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
3.You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.
COMPARATIVES//SUPERLATIVES
MAIN USE
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority, inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.
For comparisons in larger groups, you must use the superlative. The superlative designates extremes: the best, the first, the worst, the last, etc.
SUPERIORITY: a) Short adjectives: adj+ er than
Peter is taller than Sandra.
b) COMPARATIVES :Long adjectives: :MORE + adj + THAN
A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini.
SUPERLATIVE:Short & long adjectives:
:THE ADJ+-EST/IESTt...
:THE MOST/THE LEAST + adjective...
It's the nicest place i've ever visited
This is the most pleasant place on Earth!
EQUALITY Short & long adjectives:
:AS... adjective... AS..
English is as easy as German. Doesn't exist
INFERIORITY Short & long adjectives:
:LESS + adjectif + THAN
July is less cold than January.
NOTES:
Short adjectives: 1 syllable (eg: young) + 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (eg: pretty)
Long adjectives: all the other adjectives
COMPARATIVES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" : heavy --> heavier
> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed: wise --> wiser
> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled and one adds "--er" : big --> bigger
> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives: good --> better bad --> worse far --> farther
SUPERLATIVES:
Irregular forms: good --> the best · bad --> the worst · far --> the farthest
PHRASAL VERBS::
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal Verbs are verbs with more than one word.
Examples: pick up, put down, turn on, turn off
Phrasal verbs are also called 'two-part verbs' and 'three-part verbs.'
There are two types of phrasal verbs: separable and non separable.
Non separable phrasal verbs are sometimes called 'inseparable.'
Non separable (n) phrasal verbs must always remain together:
Example: take off = (n) to depart
CORRECT: The plane took off at noon. (verb + particle together)
XX INCORRECT: The plane took at noon off. (both words MUST be together)
Separable (s) phrasal verbs can be written three different ways:
Example: take off (s) = to remove clothing
CORRECT: Sara took off her jacket. (verb + particle together)
CORRECT: Sara took her jacket off. (verb + particle separated by noun)
CORRECT: Sara took it off. (verb + particle separated with a pronoun)
XX INCORRECT: Sara took off it. (the pronoun MUST be in the middle)
THE PASSIVE VOICE:
The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb. Example: is kicked
You should be familiar with the forms of "to be" so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.
Review the forms of "to be": am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:
is kicked----------------had been kicked
was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked
Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action. Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.
Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
In this section you will find some basic explanation of the the verb tenses in English. I have decided to include this section due to its importance in the English grammar. It is intended to serve as a reference. It is essential to note that not all the tenses are included in this page. Nevertheless, what I have considered the most useful ones(which are in your third year programme) are included. There are also some exercises that can be accessed by clicking on a title in the Index on your left. I hope this page contributes in some way to your process of learning English.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE:is used for:
a/regular actions or events :
He plays tennis most weekends.
The sun rises in the east.
c/facts known about the future ::
We leave at 8.30 next Monday
d/thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking::
I don't feel very well.
THE PRESENT CONTINOUS::The Present Continuous is used for:
a/the time of speaking ('now'):
Sshh, I'm trying to hear what they are saying .
b/things which are true at the moment but not always:
We're looking for a new flat.
c/present plans for the future:
We're having dinner with them next week .
Look at these examples :
1.I don't usually have cereals for breakfast but I'm having some this morning because there is nothing else.
2.I often cycle to work but I'm taking the car this morning because it's raining very hard.
3.I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my husband will be very happy about it.
4.My parents live in OURZAZAT but I'm just visiting it.
Note how, in all these examples, we use the present continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in time and the present simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent.
THE SIMPLE PAST:is used :
a/ to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.
b/We use it to talk about a specific point in time.
I saw her in the street yesterday.
He came back last Thursday.
We didn't agree to the deal.
c/We can also use it to talk about a period of time.
We lived in Japan for five years.
She was in London from Monday to Thursday last week.
When he was living in New York, he went to all the bars and clubs he could.
You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:
Yesterday
three weeks ago
last year
in 2002
from March to June
for a long time
for 6 weeks
in the 1980s
in the last century
in the past
THE PAST CONTINUOUS:is used for:
a/to talk about past events which took place for a period of time.
b/It is used to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we want to talk about a past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)
1.While I was driving home, Richard was trying desperately to phone me.
2.Sorry, were you sleeping?
3.I was just making some tea. Would you like some?
4.I was thinking about her last night.
5.In the 1990s, very few people were using mobile phones.
c/We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.
1.They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.
2.He was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
4.She was walking in the street when she suddenly fell over.
5.The company was growing rapidly before he became chairman.
6.We were just talking about it before you arrived.
7.I was having a cup of coffee when I remembered I was supposed to be in a meeting!
THE PRESENT PERFECT:is used :
a/when we want to look back from the present to the past.
We can use it to look back on the recent past.
1.I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
2.They have cancelled the meeting.
3.She's taken my book. I don't have one.
b/When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).
1.We've already talked about that.
2.She hasn't arrived yet.
3.I've just done it.
4.have you spoken to him yet?
5.She's done this type of project many times before.
c/When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.
1.Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
2.I've never met a famous singer.
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:is used to:
to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:
a/We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.
1.Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
2.You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
3.I've got a a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.
b/It can refer to an action that has not finished.
1.I've been learning English for 3 years and I still don't know how speak it very well.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop.
c/It can refer to a series of actions.
1.She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
2.He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
The present perfect continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.
1.I've been working for this companyt for ten years.
2.He's been working here since 2001
3.You haven't been getting good results over the last few months.
4.They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
5.I've been looking at other options recently.
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:is used to:
a.to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to a time further in the past.
1.She had already spoken to him before I had time to give him my version.
2.I checked with our customers but they still hadn't received the delivery.
3.I hadn't known the bad news when I saw him.
4.The company had started the year very well but was hit badly by the strikes.
b/It is often used when we report what people had said/thought/believed.
1.He phoned me to say that they had already paid the bill.
2.She said she thought John had moved to Italy.
3.I thought we had already decided on somewhere for our holidays.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FOR FUTURE):is used :
a/When we talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.
In these examples, we are talking about regular actions or events.
1.I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on Thursday.
2.I'm seeing a movie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with a colleague.
b/In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the 'going to' future. However, when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.
1.I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him.
2.I'm going to do it./I'm doing it.
c/We use the present simple to talk about events in the future which are 'timetabled'. We can also use the present continuous to talk about these.
1.My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.
2.The shop opens at 9.30.
3.The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.
THE FUTURE WITH (GOING TO..):
There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.
a/We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.
1.I'm going to see him later today.
2.We're going to have lunch first.
Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.
1.When I retire I'm going to go back to my home town to live.
2.In ten years time, my elder son is going to take over my own successful company.
b/We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.
1..Look out! That vase is going to fall off.
2.Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
THE FUTURE WITH (WILL)::
a/We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.
1.Next year, I'll be 50.
2.That plane will be late. It always is.
b/Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.
1.I'll probably come back later.
2.Maybe it will rain again.
3.Perhaps we'll meet again some day.
c/We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.
1.I think she'll do well in the job.
2.I hope you won't make too much noise.
/d.We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into our head. apromise or an offer:
1.Bye. I'll phone you when I get there
2.I'll answer that.
3.I won't tell him. I promise.
CONDITIONAL ZERO)::
a/WE use "zero conditional" When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use:
If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative
1.If you press this button, you get black coffee.
2.When the temperature rises,ice melts.
3.When you go to the beach, take some sun cream.
CONDITIONAL 1ST::
a/We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.
1.If we take the children, they'll be really pleased.
2.If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
3.unless he feels better,he won't go with us
CONDITIONAL 2ND::
a/We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' situations.
1.If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
(Notice that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.)
2.If she were really happy in her job, she'd be working much harder.
(Notice the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.)
1.If I were you, I'd change my job.
b/We can also use the Second Conditional to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
1.If I won the lottery, I'd buy my parents a big house.
2.If I went to the moon, I'd bring back some moon rock.
Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. For example, consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist.
NAJIB – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.(optimist)
KAMAL – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.(pessimist)
CONDITIONAL 3ND::
a/Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
1.If Jack had thoughttwice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
(did he think? no)
(did he make a mistake ? Yes)
2.They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time.
(was the train on time?no)
Were they home by ten ?No)
WISH+SIMPLE PAST::
a/the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.
(Notice that the verb tense which follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past' than the tense corresponding to its meaning)
1.I wish I was rich.
2.He wishes he lived in Paris.
3.I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
4.It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.
WISH+PAST PERFECT::
b/showing regrets about past situations:
1.I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
2.I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much
c/we use 'would'after wish" when we anticipate some change
1.He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
2.You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
3.You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.
COMPARATIVES//SUPERLATIVES
MAIN USE
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority, inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.
For comparisons in larger groups, you must use the superlative. The superlative designates extremes: the best, the first, the worst, the last, etc.
SUPERIORITY: a) Short adjectives: adj+ er than
Peter is taller than Sandra.
b) COMPARATIVES :Long adjectives: :MORE + adj + THAN
A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini.
SUPERLATIVE:Short & long adjectives:
:THE ADJ+-EST/IESTt...
:THE MOST/THE LEAST + adjective...
It's the nicest place i've ever visited
This is the most pleasant place on Earth!
EQUALITY Short & long adjectives:
:AS... adjective... AS..
English is as easy as German. Doesn't exist
INFERIORITY Short & long adjectives:
:LESS + adjectif + THAN
July is less cold than January.
NOTES:
Short adjectives: 1 syllable (eg: young) + 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (eg: pretty)
Long adjectives: all the other adjectives
COMPARATIVES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" : heavy --> heavier
> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed: wise --> wiser
> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled and one adds "--er" : big --> bigger
> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives: good --> better bad --> worse far --> farther
SUPERLATIVES:
Irregular forms: good --> the best · bad --> the worst · far --> the farthest
PHRASAL VERBS::
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal Verbs are verbs with more than one word.
Examples: pick up, put down, turn on, turn off
Phrasal verbs are also called 'two-part verbs' and 'three-part verbs.'
There are two types of phrasal verbs: separable and non separable.
Non separable phrasal verbs are sometimes called 'inseparable.'
Non separable (n) phrasal verbs must always remain together:
Example: take off = (n) to depart
CORRECT: The plane took off at noon. (verb + particle together)
XX INCORRECT: The plane took at noon off. (both words MUST be together)
Separable (s) phrasal verbs can be written three different ways:
Example: take off (s) = to remove clothing
CORRECT: Sara took off her jacket. (verb + particle together)
CORRECT: Sara took her jacket off. (verb + particle separated by noun)
CORRECT: Sara took it off. (verb + particle separated with a pronoun)
XX INCORRECT: Sara took off it. (the pronoun MUST be in the middle)
THE PASSIVE VOICE:
The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb. Example: is kicked
You should be familiar with the forms of "to be" so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.
Review the forms of "to be": am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:
is kicked----------------had been kicked
was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked
Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action. Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.
Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
in spite of + noun
although + clause
despite + noun
though + clause
even though + clause
**Although and though can be used in the same way.
**Despite and in spite of are normally used as prepositions, they can also be used in adverbial constructions with -ing, thus:
1. 'I managed to pass my exams, despite going out four times a week during the revision period.'
2.'In spite of feeling terribly sick, I went to work every day that week.'
Example Sentences:Cause
1.There was flooding because heavy rain fell all night.
2.There was flooding because of the heavy rain.
3.The heavy rain was the cause ofthe flooding. .
4.Due to the heavy rain there was flooding.
Example Sentences:Effect
1.The standards of living in the home country is very low .So, many Africans migrate to Europe.
2.The standards of living in the home country is very low .as a consequence, many Africans migrate to Europe
3.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Cconsequently, many Africans migrate to Europe
4.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Therefore, many Africans migrate to Europe
5.Low standards of living in the home county result in immigration to Europe
writing 1
Dropping from school
The fact that student drop off from school is a serious problems that hinders the progress of student first and then the level of national education .
Most of students who drop off from school are poor, they speak their incapability of supplying, their parents obliged them to drop off from and look for a job to help the family .
Other reason may be attributed to the students indifference .those students who stop going to school are villagers because they don’t attend classes doing some agricultural work instead.
Other ex-students attest that leaving school is not an idea that comes at random but as a reaction to the dissatisfaction resulted by those who have attained their degrees but gained no work after .
The government must do some serious attempts so that students can keep up with their studies no matter what circumstances are .Also it should set plan to improve the educational system to most attainable one that open minds and doors
Immigration
Spanish officials estimate that about 1.000 people have downed attempting to enter Europe by crossing the 10-mile wide strait of Gibraltar in the past six years , Spanish officials say that morocco is tolerating the exit of small boats .
In 1996. several hundred illegal immigrants .most Moroccans were picked up by the police and coast guard on the southern shores of Spain , morocco’s newly appointed prime mister .Aberahmane youssoufi . blamed illegal immigration on poverty , and said that policeman and walls are not solution to the illegal migration ,which should be handed with realism in order to find human solutions .
On February, the interior ministers of morocco and Italy signed a convention to cooperate in the fight against drug smuggling and illegal immigration the Italian interior minister said that a lot of Moroccans live legally in Italy .the largest foreign community in the country.
Hand in hand between Morocco and Italy to fight drugs , illegal immigration .
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities, this phenomenon has been closely connected with industrialization .
By the end of this decade, more than half of the world’s population will live in cities making humanity a predominantly urban species for the first time in Its history .
When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used in to enhance human productivity .surpluses increased economical fields
Such as industry. Then the larger and larger proportions of population could live in cities.
Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers , urbanization is a serious problem that will spoil the natural world in due course .there will be no country-sides and no green places to feel the first endowed natural beauty of this world .
Life in the countryside
Many people believe that life in the countryside is mush better than in the city ,well they are wrong , living in the countryside is really difficult ,going out at night , for instance , is useless since there is nowhere to go to enjoy oneself, another thing is that when a person falls sick it is difficult to find an ambulance to take him to the nearest hospital .another misconception is about pollution , the countryside is not wholly clean , the air we breathe is not as fresh as people think ,many houses are not connected to the main sewage ,and do you know that many factories exist in many villages
Poverty
Poverty is becoming a serious problems for many countries , it affects the whole society and delays the development of the country .
Poor families very often have health problems , because they have lot of children , parents are unable to provide medicine for them ,also they cant send them to school since schooling is expensive , they send them instead to work and bring them money , so when members of society are unhealthy or illiterate this affect the development of the country .
Poverty
writing 1
writing 1
jright of women
Nowadays we take it for
granted that women have the same rights as men before the first world war few people believed this.
As far as work was concerned there were jobs wich were regarded as women`s jobs and other wiche were regarded as men`s jobs. Women`s jobs were generally lower paid as men`s. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in industry or in transport.
Women had jobs like dress-making,cleanning or worked as servants.
Women`s main role was as being to raise childeren and look for their home. Women were not expected to take position of leaderschip. Women were not even allowed to vote in elections.
Before the war some women had been struggling to achieve greater equality with men. The most famous of these had been the suffragettes who stagged a violent campaign against the govervment from 1905 to 1914 trying to achieve the right to vote.however, at the outbreak of war, the were still no near to success. Many men argued that women were unsuited to such responsibility that women could not be trusted to vote sensibly that women should not concern themselves with such male activities and voting.
During the war many things changed
<--xx-- type=text/--xx--> <--xx-- src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js" type=text/--xx--> Human rights
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries at least since the time of king john of England.
The political and religious tradition in order parts of the word also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights calling on rules to rule justly and compassionately and delineating limits on their citizens.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of rights belonging to person by natural and because ha was a human being not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular religion or race or ethnic group.
In the late 1700, two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept in 1776, most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in document, which still stirs feeling and debate.
Language
Language is obviously a vital tool not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendship cultural ties and economic relationship.
Throughout history many have reflected on importance of language for instance language shapes thoughts and emotions , determining one’s perception of reality .language is not only a vehicle for the expression of thoughts , perceptions , sentiments and values , It also represent ; a fundamental expression of social identity .
Language of course is knowledge and in our world today, knowledge is on the key factor in competitiveness.
Brains and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take for granted .In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly interdependent world the knowledge of other languages becomes indispensable.
In short, it’s very important to learn foreign languages but without forget your identity.
You inscribe to University
Dear madam; Date:
I am writing to ask about opportunities to study interpreting in your university, I am Moroccan, aged 19, and I hop to pass my baccalaureate well .I want to become a Translator or interpreter in Arabic French and English , if I obtain a place at this university , my uncle who lives in Las Vegas ,will pay my expenses.
My first language is Arabic, I have also French since the age of 9 , I speak it fluently , and I have a good reading and writing knowledge of it.
My second foreign language is English, which I do not yet speak fluently, however. I can read it quite well and can write a certain amount . I also have a limited knowledge of Spanish.
I should be grateful if you would send me details of your entrance equipments a copy of your prospectus
writing
*****************
writing
right of women
Nowadays we take it for
granted that women have the same rights as men before the first world war few people believed this.
As far as work was concerned there were jobs wich were regarded as women`s jobs and other wiche were regarded as men`s jobs. Women`s jobs were generally lower paid as men`s. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in industry or in transport.
Women had jobs like dress-making,cleanning or worked as servants.
Women`s main role was as being to raise childeren and look for their home. Women were not expected to take position of leaderschip. Women were not even allowed to vote in elections.
Before the war some women had been struggling to achieve greater equality with men. The most famous of these had been the suffragettes who stagged a violent campaign against the govervment from 1905 to 1914 trying to achieve the right to vote.however, at the outbreak of war, the were still no near to success. Many men argued that women were unsuited to such responsibility that women could not be trusted to vote sensibly that women should not concern themselves with such male activities and voting.
During the war many things changed
Human rights
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries at least since the time of king john of England.
The political and religious tradition in order parts of the word also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights calling on rules to rule justly and compassionately and delineating limits on their citizens.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of rights belonging to person by natural and because ha was a human being not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular religion or race or ethnic group.
In the late 1700, two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept in 1776, most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in document, which still stirs feeling and debate.
Language
Language is obviously a vital tool not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendship cultural ties and economic relationship.
Throughout history many have reflected on importance of language for instance language shapes thoughts and emotions , determining one’s perception of reality .language is not only a vehicle for the expression of thoughts , perceptions , sentiments and values , It also represent ; a fundamental expression of social identity .
Language of course is knowledge and in our world today, knowledge is on the key factor in competitiveness.
Brains and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take for granted .In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly interdependent world the knowledge of other languages becomes indispensable.
In short, it’s very important to learn foreign languages but without forget your identity.
You inscribe to University
Dear madam; Date:
I am writing to ask about opportunities to study interpreting in your university, I am Moroccan, aged 19, and I hop to pass my baccalaureate well .I want to become a Translator or interpreter in Arabic French and English , if I obtain a place at this university , my uncle who lives in Las Vegas ,will pay my expenses.
My first language is Arabic, I have also French since the age of 9 , I speak it fluently , and I have a good reading and writing knowledge of it.
My second foreign language is English, which I do not yet speak fluently, however. I can read it quite well and can write a certain amount . I also have a limited knowledge of Spanish.
I should be grateful if you would send me details of your entrance equipments a copy of your prospectus and an application form.
Dropping from school
The fact that student drop off from school is a serious problems that hinders the progress of student first and then the level of national education .
Most of students who drop off from school are poor, they speak their incapability of supplying, their parents obliged them to drop off from and look for a job to help the family .
Other reason may be attributed to the students indifference .those students who stop going to school are villagers because they don’t attend classes doing some agricultural work instead.
Other ex-students attest that leaving school is not an idea that comes at random but as a reaction to the dissatisfaction resulted by those who have attained their degrees but gained no work after .
The government must do some serious attempts so that students can keep up with their studies no matter what circumstances are .Also it should set plan to improve the educational system to most attainable one that open minds and doors
Immigration
Spanish officials estimate that about 1.000 people have downed attempting to enter Europe by crossing the 10-mile wide strait of Gibraltar in the past six years , Spanish officials say that morocco is tolerating the exit of small boats .
In 1996. several hundred illegal immigrants .most Moroccans were picked up by the police and coast guard on the southern shores of Spain , morocco’s newly appointed prime mister .Aberahmane youssoufi . blamed illegal immigration on poverty , and said that policeman and walls are not solution to the illegal migration ,which should be handed with realism in order to find human solutions .
On February, the interior ministers of morocco and Italy signed a convention to cooperate in the fight against drug smuggling and illegal immigration the Italian interior minister said that a lot of Moroccans live legally in Italy .the largest foreign community in the country.
Hand in hand between Morocco and Italy to fight drugs , illegal immigration .
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities, this phenomenon has been closely connected with industrialization .
By the end of this decade, more than half of the world’s population will live in cities making humanity a predominantly urban species for the first time in Its history .
When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used in to enhance human productivity .surpluses increased economical fields
Such as industry. Then the larger and larger proportions of population could live in cities.
Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers , urbanization is a serious problem that will spoil the natural world in due course .there will be no country-sides and no green places to feel the first endowed natural beauty of this world .
Life in the countryside
Many people believe that life in the countryside is mush better than in the city ,well they are wrong , living in the countryside is really difficult ,going out at night , for instance , is useless since there is nowhere to go to enjoy oneself, another thing is that when a person falls sick it is difficult to find an ambulance to take him to the nearest hospital .another misconception is about pollution , the countryside is not wholly clean , the air we breathe is not as fresh as people think ,many houses are not connected to the main sewage ,and do you know that many factories exist in many villages
Poverty
Poverty is becoming a serious problems for many countries , it affects the whole society and delays the development of the country .
Poor families very often have health problems , because they have lot of children , parents are unable to provide medicine for them ,also they cant send them to school since schooling is expensive , they send them instead to work and bring them money , so when members of society are unhealthy or illiterate this affect the development of the country .
Poverty is a serious problem, an enemy that government should fight by trying to make all members of society benefit from the resources of their country and work for its development.
Parents-children relationship
Parents-children relationship differ from one family to another. While some parents complain that their children don’t listen to them anymore, children on the other hand complain that their parents don’t understand them any longer .
My relationship with my parents is a good one , I respect them and understand them, the allow me to choose my friends my cloths to travel alone and to invite friends home, however , they are very strict when it comes to my homework or staying late out late at night .
To have a good parents-relationship is very easy thing if both parents and children make efforts to create such a kind of relation ship.
Traffic problems
There are many dangers when driving in a big city , traffic jams, road rage, car jacking drive-by- shootings ,smash-and-grabs , accidents or purpose ambulance chasers , corrupt police , touring ,companies that can grab your car in ten seconds .the list goes on.
Traffic jams are caused by drivers who tailgate and try to drive faster than the flow of traffic , when drivers merge at the last second , they have to step on their brakes , and that causes the tailgaters behind them to step on their brakes , roads rage occurs when someone loses self-control , some driver is going too fast , this causes a clash , there are many reasons behind the traffic jams problem.
The latter can also be attributed to the road code, violation , speed and carelessness , other reasons such as natural factors are involved ,snow , obscurity, and rain are most of them , one other cause is the poor infra-structure .
Understanding these very real dangers will help you learn how to avoid or prevent traffic problems .drivers should drive safely and learn to maintain self-control , the driver should be a street-wise so that he can take the necessary precautions.
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Television
?Television has became part of our every day life .what are its advantages and disadvantages
On the one hand, TV has became the most influential means of the mass media because it has both sound and picture .it's also the most popular source of information education and international , in brief TV brings the whole word to us.
One the other hand TV develops passive and lazy viewers .it also prevents communication between the members of the family besides students don't their homwork and may became aggressive when they watch films of violence.
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war
WAR is one of the wost crime that pople have ever made to the humanity. that's why we should know why some ediot poeple can't stand leaving in peace becuase
the best thing that can draw the smile on every one's face is the peace. but in reality we have a deferent image to the world, we see that no one want to respect the right of other or want's to enslave poeple or take there weals, and they make some silly reasons to get what they want exactly like what happend to
our brothers in iraq.
war also creat a very bad destarction and ruin in everywhere.
and from the main point we can say that poepl in stean of burning world they have to to learn how to leave in peace and creat the happiness instead of hate and killing.
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Working children
Child labour is one of the problems that many countries face, there are various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of school in order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work because they are orphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they think education is a waste of time.
Working children face a tough life; in factories and mines they work in bad conditions no fresh air, long hours they may be injured by machines they are also deprived of education and childhood
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air pollution
air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok
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Humain rights
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive taxes. It established the right of widows who owned property to choose not to remarry, and established principles of due process and equality before the law. It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official misconduct.
The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineating limits on their power over the lives, property, and activities of their citizens.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of "natural rights," rights belonging to a person by nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This concept was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle on which all ideas of citizens' rights and political and religious liberty were based.
In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a document which still stirs feelings, and debate, the U.S. Declaration of Independence
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Business
In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit.
The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.
The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services.
The singular "business" can be a legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about social and technological advancement.
In predominantly capitalist economies, businesses are typically formed to earn profit and grow the personal wealth of their owners.
The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for their work — that is, the expense of time and energy — and for their acceptance of risk — investing work and money without certainty of success.
Notable exceptions to this rule include some businesses which are cooperatives, or government institutions.
However, the exact definition of business is disputable as is business philosophy; for example, some Marxists use "means of production" as a rough synonym for "business"; however a more accurate definition of "means of production" would be the resources and apparatus by which products and services are created.
Control of these resources and apparatus results in control of business activity, and so, while they are very closely related, they are not the same thing.
Socialists advocate either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses. Some advocate a mixed economy of private and state-owned enterprises. Others advocate a capitalist economy where all, or nearly all, enterprises are privately owned.
Business Studies is taught as a subject in many schools
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smoking
When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much anywhere - even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on buses or trains, billboards, TV, and in many magazines.
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 14 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still lighting up!
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natural disaster
A is the consequence of when a potential natural hazard becomes a physical event (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) and this interacts with human activities. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of planning, lack of appropriate emergency management or the event being unexpected, leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, their resilience.[1] This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".[2] A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement
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Globalization
Globalization refers to increasing global connectivity, integration and interdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political, and ecological spheres. Globalization is an umbrella term and is perhaps best understood as a unitary process inclusive of many sub-processes (such as enhanced economic interdependence, increased cultural influence, rapid advances of information technology, and novel governance and geopolitical challenges) that are increasingly binding people and the biosphere more tightly into one global system.
There are several definitions and all usually mention the increasing connectivity of economies and ways of life across the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica says that globalization is the "process by which the experience of everyday life ... is becoming standardized around the world." While some scholars and observers of globalization stress convergence of patterns of production and consumption and a resulting homogenization of culture, others stress that globalization has the potential to take many diverse forms.
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Advertinsing
One the hand advertising makes consumers aware, of the new products on the market and helps them spend their money wisely it also as creates many jobs .
On the other hand advertising makes people feel frustrated, if they can't afford the products .it also increases the prise of goods what's more it urges consumers to buy unnecessary commodities .
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cinema
For the first twenty years of motion picture history most silent films were short--only a few minutes in length. At first a novelty, and then increasingly an art form and literary form, silent films reached greater complexity and length in the early 1910's. The films on the list above represent the greatest achievements of the silent era, which ended--after years of experimentation--in 1929 when a means of recording sound that would be synchronous with the recorded image was discovered. Few silent films were made in the 1930s, with the exception of Charlie Chaplin, whose character of the Tramp perfected expressive physical moves in many short films in the 1910's and 1920s. When the silent era ended, Chaplin refused to go along with sound; instead, he maintained the melodramatic Tramp as his mainstay in City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936). The trademarks of Chaplin's Tramp were his ill-fitting suit, floppy over-sized shoes and a bowler hat, and his ever-present cane. A memorable image is Chaplin's Tramp shuffling off, penguin-like, into the sunset and spinning his cane whimsically as he exits. He represented the "little guy," the underdog, someone who used wit and whimsy to defeat his adversaries.
Eisenstein's contribution to the development of cinema rested primarily in his theory of editing, or montage, which focused on the collision of opposites in order to create a new entity. One of the greatest achievements in editing is the Odessa Steps sequence, in his film Potemkin (1925). Eisenstein intercut between shots of townspeople trapped on the steps by Czarist troops, and shots of the troops firing down upon the crowd. Members of the crowd became individual characters to viewers as the montage continued. Within the editing track the fate of these individuals was played out. A mother picks up her dead child and confronts the troops. Then she is shot. A student looks on in terror and then flees--his fate uncertain. An old woman prays to be spared, but she is killed by a soldier who slashes her face with his saber. When a woman holding her baby carriage is killed, she falls to the steps, and the carriage begins a precipitous decline--shots of the baby crying are intercut with wide shots of the carriage rolling down the steps. To Eisenstein, each individual shot contributed an energy within the editing track that yielded far more than the sum total of shots. In other words, the "combination" of shots through editing created a new entity, based on the expressive emotional energy unleashed through the editing process.
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Emmigration
Morocco recently saw a migration of the population of cities and villages me especially in the last 50 years that happened Leone Morocco for independence. What are the reasons that drive housing villages to migrate to cities? And what are the causes of migrations out of the negative impact?
-There is a range of reasons why the villagers to the cities Tahgerh me among them lack even the most basic means necessary hospitals and transportation means Finding work Mestekareaulthossein circumstances of living .................. ect . The result eased the congestion entire towns and neighborhoods Baladi shanties and Tahera begging and the use of young children Resulting from the whole circumcision eased some tragic scenes
-Finally, I wish to state that changed everything in their power to stop the advance of the pious and out of control the situation
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education
Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, good judgement and wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental goals the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.
The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Albert Einstein's admonition to "never let school interfere with your education"). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally
. our food.
In conclusion, these problems are growing daily because people don't want to change their lifestyle. People need to be educated so they will stop damaging our planet.
Furthermore,governments should take actions to prevent individuals and companies from harming their environment
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Terrorism
Terrorism is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts. Terrorism expert Walter Laqueur in 1999 has counted over 100 definitions and concludes that the "only general characteristic generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence". Most definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear or "terror", are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a "madman" attack), and deliberately target "non-combatants".
As a form of unconventional warfare, terrorism is sometimes used when attempting to force political change by: convincing a government or population to agree to demands to avoid future harm or fear of harm, destabilization of an existing government, motivating a disgruntled population to join an uprising, escalating a conflict in the hopes of disrupting the status quo, expressing a grievance, or drawing attention to a cause.
The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" (someone who engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, or unjustified. Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other generic terms or terms specific to their situation, such as: separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihadi or mujaheddin, or fedayeen, or any similar-meaning word in other languages.
Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments.[1] The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the laws of war.
An International Roundtable on Constructing Peace, Deconstructing Terror (2004) hosted by Strategic Foresight Group recommended that a distinction should be made between terrorism and acts of terror. While acts of terror are criminal acts as per the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and domestic jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to a phenomenon including acts, perpetrators of acts of terror and motives of the perpetrators. There is a disagreement on definition of terrorism. However, there is an intellectual consensus globally that acts of terror should not be accepted under any circumstances. This is reflected in all important conventions including the United Nations counter terrorism strategy, outcome of the Madrid Conference on terrorism and outcome of the Strategic Foresight Group and ALDE roundtables at the European Parliament
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Leisure time
Recreation is very important for one health whoever we are we need leisure activities because they enable us our minds and bodies
If we go on working without a break we'll get bord and exchasted
Therfore we should spend our free time on the things we like doing much as listing to music and pratising sport in this way we'll have energy to rasume our studies and warking
OK sany I PPRESENT TO YOU THIS OBJECT OF THE HOW CAN AIR POLLUTION HURT MY HEALTH
air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok
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Racism
Racism or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequality between races.
In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and practices through scientific theories about biological differences among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism, then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves usually do believe that humans are divided into different races.
There are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on religion or culture
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women working
There have been a lot of chages in our social life in the last decades .many more women working ,of course ,has the lifestyle of many families
Many people are worried whether a carrer women can properly care for the children the advantage of women working
women and men are equal and should also have the right have a job
women should hlep in the devlopment of theircountry
carrer mot her are usually educated and so can help their family
the disadvantage of carrer women : women find ut difficult to take very good care of children while working out side they usually nturn home tired often a day 's work outside the also have to deal with the house work the are left with litter time to care for their childern .
thes affect a lot the whole family ,and may cause problems for children at schol ....e bc.
.finally i say that at taking good care children of women /mothers alonne
man/father should also share this responsibility with their wives
life is getting very expensive and women to help their family
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A drought
A drought is a prolonged, abnormally dry period when there is not enough water for users' normal needs. Drought is not simply low rainfall; if it was, much of inland Australia would be in almost perpetual drought. Because people use water in so many different ways, there is no universal definition of drought.
Meteorologists monitor the extent and severity of drought in terms of rainfall deficiencies. Agriculturalists rate the impact on primary industries, hydrologists compare ground water levels, and sociologists define it on social expectations and perceptions
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tv
nowdays .TV viewers have a wide choice of channels .more and more people have got satellite TV not all of them are satisfied with it .
satellite TV has both advantages and drawbaks . whats is de advantages and drawbaks of TV,?
-satellite TV brings the whole world into your home there a variety of programmes to choose fromit helps people improve foreigs languages and there are lots of entertaining ...educating programmes. You may not feel bored.
-and the drawbaks of satellite TV :
People spend too mush time watching TV and they become passive and lazy there are too many channels and it is often dificulet to choose the right programme and the people watch foreign TV channels and not their national TV .
Thy don't know what is happening in their country ,they might forget about their own culture and problem
Children don't do their homework ,don't read enough .
-satellite TV like any other technology is means to an end people should be selective and watch interesting programmes only.
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Families
It's not necessarily a fact that small families are the best, but the fact that raising just one child is extremely expensive. There is the hospital bill, one must have good medical/dental (very expensive) for those toothaches, possible braces, fevers, scrapes, childhood diseases, not to mention the many shots children get during their younger years. There is clothing, food, a good home to live in, education and other hidden costs. Your child is better adjusted if they (a boy) are put into a sport at the age of 5 or 6, or if it's a girl, into dancing, etc., to keeping them off the streets and also give them insight as to what the future can hold for them. It costs many thousands of dollars to raise one child, and I use to know the stats on it, but it has since changed.
If a family can afford more than 2 children (good to have sibling) then they should go for it. I have known families during the 50s to 70s where there were 5 - 8 kids in a family and they were all well adjusted kids, not to mention the oldest child always ends up helping mom and pop out. Large families can be fun, but if you can't afford it this can cause a great deal of pressure on the parents and either shorten their life span or end in divorce. To have a large family you have to be well organized
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Languages
A language is a system used to facilitate communication among higher animals and/or computers. This article is about the fundamental features typically found in nearly all natural human languages. For information about artificial languages specifically for computers, please see instead machine code. Higher animals believed to employ audible language only, without symbols, include, but are not limited to, dolphins and whales. For information about this subject, please see "Animal communication" instead
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Minorities
A minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is disadvantaged with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. To avoid confusion, some writers prefer the terms "subordinate group" and "dominant group" rather than "minority" and "majority".
In socioeconomics, the term "minority" typically refers to a socially subordinate ethnic group (understood in terms of language, nationality, religion and/or culture). Other minority groups include people with disabilities, "economic minorities" (working poor or unemployed), "age minorities" (who are younger or older than a typical working age) and sexual minorities (whose sexual orientation or gender identity differs from the sociological norm).
The term "minority group" often occurs alongside a discourse of civil rights and collective rights which gained prominence in the 20th century. Members of minority groups are subject to differential treatment in the society in which they live. This discrimination may be directly based on an individual's perceived membership of a minority group, without consideration of that individual's personal achievement. It may also occur indirectly, due to social structures that are not equally accessible to all. Activists campaigning on a range of issues may use the language of minority rights, including student rights, consumer rights and animal rights. In recent years, some members of social groups traditionally perceived as dominant have attempted to present themselves as an oppressed minority, such as white, middle-class heterosexual males.
Studies have consistently shown a correlation between negative attitudes or prejudice toward minorities and social conservatism (as well as the converse, positive attitutes and social progressivism).[2] Minority groups in history, include Jews under Nazi Germany and African Americans in the Jim Crow period
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English
World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, but English which is probably is the most popular global language of science and of modern technology that because many reason: first it is international language and the majority of country used it as their home language, In addition to that you can understand what happen in the world, in the other hand you can understand the new technology, moreover we see that the people that speak more than two language have a chance to get a better job than the other people who can speak just one. And also it is very important to student who want finish their Hight study in university.
Finally English will become more important in the future and more using in all things
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Leiure
. What i do in my free time ? Well, i like to exercise and sports, especially Karate. Just the same, i like to watch a football match or a good film sometimes.
Music- now that`s somethingi like as much as sport. I very often listen to music on the radio.but what i lke best is reading books on biology,chemistry and physics. These are my favourite subjects at school.what about friends? Ilike to be with them on Saturday
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racism
Racism or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequality between races..
In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and practices through scientific theories about biological differences among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism, then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves usually do believe that humans are divided into different races.
There are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on religion or culture
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2-women
Millions of women throughout the world live in conditions of abject deprivation of, and attacks against, their fundamental human rights for no other reason than that they are women.
Combatants and their sympathizers in conflicts, such as those in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, and Rwanda, have raped women as a weapon of war with near complete impunity. Men in Pakistan, South Africa, Peru, Russia, and Uzbekistan beat women in the home at astounding rates, while these governments alternatively refuse to intervene to protect women and punish their batterers or do so haphazardly and in ways that make women feel culpable for the violence. As a direct result of inequalities found in their countries of origin, women from Ukraine, Moldova, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, Burma, and Thailand are bought and sold, trafficked to work in forced prostitution, with insufficient government attention to protect their rights and punish the traffickers. In Guatemala, South Africa, and Mexico, women's ability to enter and remain in the work force is obstructed by private employers who use women's reproductive status to exclude them from work and by discriminatory employment laws or discriminatory enforcement of the law. In the U.S., students discriminate against and attack girls in school who are lesbian, bi-sexual, or transgendered, or do not conform to male standards of female behavior. Women in Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia face government-sponsored discrimination that renders them unequal before the law - including discriminatory family codes that take away women's legal authority and place it in the hands of male family members - and restricts women's participation in public life
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internet
The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the world wide web.
The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution.
Licklider had moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.
At the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first node went live at UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be called the ARPANET, one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from this, the British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network, referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981.
The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational by January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet.
It was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1985. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the NSFNet include Usenet, BITNET and the various commercial and educational networks, such as X.25, Compuserve and JANET. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately-funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network eventually merged with the others in the 1990s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over these pre-existing communication networks, especially the international X.25 IPSS network, allowed for a great ease of growth. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated around this time.
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Terrorism
Terrorism is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts.they are classified terrorism into six categories.Civil Disorders.Political Terrorism .Non-Political Terrorism.Quasi-Terrorism.Limited Political Terrorism .Official or State TerrorismTerrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. They usually use explosives or poison, but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant "undercover" agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime. Communication may occur through modern telecommunications, or through old-fashioned methods such as couriers.The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political conflict.
The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include:
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government, such as democracy, theocracy, or anarchy
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
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A revolution
A revolution (from Late Latin revolutio which means "a turn around") is a significant change that usually occurs in a relatively short period of time. Variously defined revolutions have been happening throughout human history. They vary in terms of numbers of their participants (revolutionaries), means employed by them, duration, motivating ideology and many other aspects. They may result in a socio-political change in the socio-political institutions, or a major change in a culture or economy. Scholarly debates about what is and what is not a revolution center around several issues. Early study of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from psychological perspective[citation needed], soon however new theories were offered using explanations for more global events and using works from other social sciences such as sociology and political sciences. Several generations of scholarly thought have generated many competing theories on revolutions, gradually increasing our understanding of this complex phenomenon
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